Chaff
Chaff (/tʃæf/; also UK: /tʃɑːf/)[1] is dry, scale-like plant material such as the protective seed casings of cereal grains, the scale-like parts of flowers, or finely chopped straw. Chaff cannot be digested by humans, but it may be fed to livestock, ploughed into soil, or burned.
Etymology
[edit]
"Chaff" comes from Middle English chaf, from Old English ceaf, related to Old High German cheva, "husk".
Grain chaff
[edit]
In grasses (including cereals such as rice, barley, oats, and wheat), the ripe seed is surrounded by thin, dry, scaly bracts (called glumes, lemmas, and paleas), forming a dry husk (or hull) around the grain. Once it is removed, it is often referred to as chaff.
In wild cereals and in the primitive domesticated einkorn,[2] emmer[3] and spelt[4] wheats, the husks enclose each seed tightly. Before the grain can be used, the husks must be removed.
The process of loosening the chaff from the grain so as to remove it is called "threshing" before "drying" – traditionally done by milling or pounding, making it finer like "flour". Separating remaining loose chaff from the grain is called "winnowing" – traditionally done by repeatedly tossing the grain up into a light wind, which gradually blows the lighter chaff away. This method typically uses a broad, plate-shaped basket or similar receptacle to hold and collect the winnowed grain as it falls back down.[5]
Domesticated grains such as durum and common wheat have been bred to have chaff that is easily removed. These varieties are known as "free-threshing" or "naked".[6][7][8]
Chaff should not be confused with bran, which is a finer, scaly material that is part of the grain itself.
Straw chaff
[edit]Chaff is also made by chopping straw (or sometimes coarse hay) into very short lengths, using a machine called a chaff cutter. Like grain chaff, it is used as animal feed and is a way of making coarse fodder more palatable for livestock.[9][10][11]
Coffee chaff
[edit]Coffee chaff is produced from the so called silverskin, the thin inner-parchment layer on dried coffee beans, in the process of grinding coffee beans.
Botany
[edit]In botany, chaff refers to the thin receptacular bracts of many species in the sunflower family Asteraceae and related families. They are modified scale-like leaves surrounding single florets in the flower-head.[12]
Metaphor
[edit]Chaff as a waste product from grain processing leads to a metaphorical use of the term, to refer to something seen as worthless. In the Bible, such use is found in Job 13:25,[13] Isaiah 33:11,[14] Psalm 83:13-15,[15] and other places. Chaff also lends its name to a radar countermeasure, composed of small particles dropped from an aircraft.[citation needed]
Use
[edit]Hungarian engineer László Schremmer has discovered that the use of chaff-based filters can reduce the arsenic content of water to 3 microgram/litre. This is especially important in areas where the potable water is provided by filtering the water extracted from an underground aquifer.[16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Daniel Jones (2006). Peter Roach; James Hartman; Jane Setter (eds.). Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Potts, D. T. (1996) Mesopotamia Civilization: The Material Foundations Cornell University Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8014-3339-8.
- ^ Nevo, Eviatar & A. B. Korol & A. Beiles & T. Fahima. (2002) Evolution of Wild Emmer and Wheat Improvement: Population Genetics, Genetic Resources, and Genome.... Springer. p. 8. ISBN 3-540-41750-8.
- ^ Vaughan, J. G. & P. A. Judd. (2003) The Oxford Book of Health Foods. Oxford University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0-19-850459-4.
- ^ "What Is Chaff: Learn How To Winnow Seeds From Chaff". Gardening Know How. 7 September 2019. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ "Cereals & Grains Association". www.cerealsgrains.org. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
- ^ Tzarfati, Raanan; Saranga, Yehoshua; Barak, Vered; Gopher, Avi; Korol, Abraham B.; Abbo, Shahal (September 2013). "Threshing efficiency as an incentive for rapid domestication of emmer wheat". Annals of Botany. 112 (5): 829–837. doi:10.1093/aob/mct148. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3747801. PMID 23884398.
- ^ Watanabe, N. (2017-08-04). "Breeding opportunities for early, free-threshing and semi-dwarf Triticum monococcum L." Euphytica. 213 (8): 201. doi:10.1007/s10681-017-1987-0. ISSN 1573-5060.
- ^ "The Chaff cutter". Archived from the original on 2006-01-03. Retrieved 2005-09-06.
- ^ Cutting chaff by hand: detail of painting by David Teniers the Younger
- ^ A Victorian chaff cutter Archived March 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ronald Jones (25 March 2005). Plant Life of Kentucky: An Illustrated Guide to the Vascular Flora. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 751–. ISBN 0-8131-7194-6.
- ^ "Job 13:25 Would You frighten a windblown leaf? Would You chase after dry chaff?". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Isaiah 33:11 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Psalm 83:13-15 - New International Version". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ^ Newspaper article Archived 2012-04-17 at the Wayback Machine (in Hungarian) published by Magyar Nemzet on April 15, 2012.
