Pronator quadratus muscle

Pronator quadratus muscle
Pronator quadratus muscle
	Anterior view of left forearm. Deep muscles. (Pronator quadratus visible at bottom-center right.)
Details
Origin	Medial, anterior surface of the ulna
Insertion	Lateral, anterior surface of the radius
Artery	Anterior interosseous artery
Nerve	Median nerve (anterior interosseous nerve)
Actions	Pronates the forearm
Antagonist	Supinator muscle
Identifiers
Latin	musculus pronator quadratus
TA98	A04.6.02.038
TA2	2493
FMA	38453
	Anatomical terms of muscle [edit on Wikidata]

Pronator quadratus is a square-shaped muscle on the distal forearm that acts to pronate (turn so the palm faces downwards) the hand.

Structure

Its fibres run perpendicular to the direction of the arm, running from the most distal quarter of the anterior ulna to the distal quarter of the radius. It has two heads: the superficial head originates from the anterior distal aspect of the diaphysis (shaft) of the ulna and inserts into the anterior distal diaphysis of the radius, as well as its anterior metaphysis. The deep head has the same origin, but inserts proximal to the ulnar notch.^[1] It is the only muscle that attaches only to the ulna at one end and the radius at the other end. Arterial blood comes via the anterior interosseous artery.^{[citation needed]}

Innervation

Pronator quadratus muscle is innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the median nerve.^[2]^[3]

Function

When pronator quadratus contracts, it pulls the lateral side of the radius towards the ulna, thus pronating the hand. Its deep fibers serve to keep the two bones in the forearm bound together. Moreover, this muscle can be absent in some humans, however, that does not affect the action of pronation very notably, as the pronator teres does the major role in that action.

Spinal tracts

The lateral corticospinal tract is responsible for the motor pathway of the pronator quadratus. This tract begins in the precentral gyrus of the motor cortex where a signal is transmitted from the upper motor nerve through the progression tracts of the internal capsule and through the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain. It decussates in the medulla and travels down the lateral corticospinal tract in the lateral column of the spinal cord. It then decussates in the spinal cord and synapses at the anterior horn to the lower motor neurons of the skeletal muscles. The cuneate fasciculus tract is responsible for the sensation of the pronator quadratus position and movement, deep touch, visceral pain, and vibration. This tract begins in the dorsal nerve root where the signal is transmitted through the dorsal horn and up the posterior column of the spinal cord. It synapses with an interneuron in the gracile nucleus. It then decussates in the medial lemniscus of the medulla, travels through the cuneate nucleus and through the medial lemniscus of the midbrain to synapse in the thalamus. It synapses with a third order neuron and transmits the signal to the postcentral gyrus of the somesthetic cortex. This could apply to any muscle in the upper limb and not specific to this muscle.

Additional images

Pronator quadratus muscle
Pronator quadratus muscle
Pronator quadratus muscle
Pronator quadratus muscle

References

^ Doyle, James R.; Botte, Michael J. (2003). Surgical Anatomy of the Hand and Upper Extremity. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 129–130. ISBN 0397517254. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
^ Tubbs, R. Shane; Goodrich, Dylan; Watanabe, Koichi; Loukas, Marios (2015-01-01), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.), "Chapter 43 - Anatomic Landmarks for Selected Nerves of the Head, Neck, and Upper and Lower Limbs", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 575–588, ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0, retrieved 2021-01-08
^ Leung, Dora (2003-01-01), "Median Nerves and Neuropathy", in Aminoff, Michael J.; Daroff, Robert B. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, New York: Academic Press, pp. 49–54, ISBN 978-0-12-226870-0, retrieved 2021-01-08

External links

Illustration: upper-body/pronator-quadratus from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington

[doyle-1] Doyle, James R.; Botte, Michael J. (2003). Surgical Anatomy of the Hand and Upper Extremity. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 129–130. ISBN 0397517254. Retrieved 1 December 2016.

[2] Tubbs, R. Shane; Goodrich, Dylan; Watanabe, Koichi; Loukas, Marios (2015-01-01), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.), "Chapter 43 - Anatomic Landmarks for Selected Nerves of the Head, Neck, and Upper and Lower Limbs", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 575–588, ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0, retrieved 2021-01-08

[3] Leung, Dora (2003-01-01), "Median Nerves and Neuropathy", in Aminoff, Michael J.; Daroff, Robert B. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences, New York: Academic Press, pp. 49–54, ISBN 978-0-12-226870-0, retrieved 2021-01-08

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