Bunmei

964–968	Kōhō
968–970	Anna
970–973	Tenroku
973–976	Ten'en
976–978	Jōgen
978–983	Tengen
983–985	Eikan
985–987	Kanna
987–988	Eien
988–990	Eiso
990–995	Shōryaku
995–999	Chōtoku
999–1004	Chōhō
1004–1012	Kankō
1012–1017	Chōwa
1017–1021	Kannin
1021–1024	Jian
1024–1028	Manju
1028–1037	Chōgen
1037–1040	Chōryaku

806–810	Daidō
810–824	Kōnin
824–834	Tenchō
834–848	Jōwa
848–851	Kashō
851–854	Ninju
854–857	Saikō
857–859	Ten'an
859–877	Jōgan
877–885	Gangyō
885–889	Ninna
889–898	Kanpyō
898–901	Shōtai
901–923	Engi
923–931	Enchō
931–938	Jōhei
938–947	Tengyō
947–957	Tenryaku
957–961	Tentoku
961–964	Ōwa

645–650	Taika
650–654	Hakuchi
686–686	Shuchō
701–704	Taihō
704–708	Keiun
708–715	Wadō
Nara
715–717	Reiki
717–724	Yōrō
724–729	Jinki
729–749	Tenpyō
749	Tenpyō-kanpō
749–757	Tenpyō-shōhō
757–765	Tenpyō-hōji
765–767	Tenpyō-jingo
767–770	Jingo-keiun
770–781	Hōki
781–782	Ten'ō
782–806	Enryaku

Bunmei (文明, "civilization") was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, "year name") after Ōnin and before Chōkyō. This period spanned from April 1469 through July 1487.^[1] The reigning emperor was Go-Tsuchimikado-tennō (後土御門天皇).^[2]

Change of era

1469 Bunmei gannen (文明元年): The era name was changed to mark an event or a number of events. The old era ended and a new one commenced in Ōnin 3.

Events of the Bunmei era

1468 (Bunmei 2, 7th month): Ichijō Kanera (1402–1481) was relieved of his duties as kampaku.^[3]
January 18, 1471 (Bunmei 2, 27th day of the 12th month ): The former Emperor Go-Hanazono died at age 52.^[3]
April 16, 1473 (Bunmei 5, on the 19th day of the 3rd month): Yamana Sōzen died at age 70.^[4]
1478 (Bunmei 10): Ichijō Kanera published Bunmei ittō-ki (On the Unity of Knowledge and Culture) which deals with political ethics and six points about the duties of a prince.^[1]
February 21, 1482 (Bunmei 14, 4th day of the 2nd month): Construction of Ashikaga Yoshimasa's Silver Pavilion commenced.^[5]

Notes

^ ^a ^b Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Bunmei" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 89; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File^{[permanent dead link]}.
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 352–364.
^ ^a ^b Titsingh, p. 356.
^ Titsingh, p. 357.
^ Keene, Donald. (2003). Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion, p. 87.

References

Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
Keene, Donald. (2003). Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion: The Creation of the Soul of Japan. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13056-1; OCLC 52268947
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691

External links

National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Preceded by Ōnin	Era or nengō Bunmei 1469–1487	Succeeded by Chōkyō

[nussbaum89-1] Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Bunmei" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 89; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File^{[permanent dead link]}.

[2] Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon, pp. 352–364.

[t356-3] Titsingh, p. 356.

[4] Titsingh, p. 357.

[5] Keene, Donald. (2003). Yoshimasa and the Silver Pavilion, p. 87.

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