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Essad Toptani

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Essad Pasha Toptani
Autochrome portrait by Auguste Léon, c. 1913
3rd Prime Minister of Albania
In office
5 October 1914 (1914-10-05) – 27 January 1916 (1916-01-27)[1]
MonarchWilhelm
Preceded byTurhan Përmeti
Succeeded byTurhan Përmeti
2nd Minister of Internal Affairs
In office
14 March 1914 (1914-03-14) – 20 June 1914 (1914-06-20)
MonarchPrince Wilhelm
Prime MinisterTurhan Përmeti
Preceded byMufid Libohova
Succeeded byHasan Prishtina
2nd Minister of War
In office
14 March 1914 (1914-03-14) – 20 June 1914 (1914-06-20)
MonarchPrince Wilhelm
Prime MinisterTurhan Përmeti
Preceded byMehmet Deralla
Succeeded byKara Seit Pasha
Personal details
Born1863
Tirana, Ottoman Empire (modern day Albania)
Died13 June 1920 (aged 44-57)
Paris, France
Manner of deathAssassination
RelationsGani Toptani (brother), Nejre Toptani (sister), Sabushe Toptani (sister), Merushe Toptani (sister), Shefikat Hanëm Alizoti (aunt), Aqif Pasha Biçakçiu (first cousin), Ibrahim Biçakçiu (son of first cousin), Sadije Toptani (cousin), Zog I of Albania (cousin), Toptani family, Thopia family (possibly)
Parent(s)Ali Toptani (father), Vasfije Alizoti (mother)
Signature
Military service
Battles/warsGreco-Turkish War (1897)
Albanian revolt of 1912
First Balkan War
Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)
World War I in Albania
Austro-Hungarian invasion of Albania

Essad Toptani (1863 – 13 June 1920) was an Albanian politician who served as the third prime minister of Albania from 1914 to 1916. He previously established the Republic of Central Albania based in Durrës. An Ottoman army officer, he served as the Albanian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament and later cooperated with the Balkan League after the Balkan Wars.[2][3]

Biography

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Early life

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Delegation of the Ottoman Parliament to Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Left to right: Rear Admiral Arif Hikmet Pasha, Emanuel Karasu Efendi, Essad Pasha Toptani, Aram Efendi and Colonel Galip Bey (Pasiner), April 1909.

Essad Toptani was born in 1863 in Tirana, Ottoman Empire (modern Republic of Albania), the son of Ali Toptani and Vasfije Alizoti.[4] He was a member of the Toptani family, a prominent landowning Albanian noble family who helped found the current city of Tirana.[5] From his mothers side of the family he was first cousins with Aqif Pasha Biçakçiu and his family as both their mothers were sisters. During Ottoman rule, Toptani served as a kaymakam and had command of the gendarmerie in Tirana.[6] In 1908 Janina, he joined the Young Turks and the Ottoman parliament.[4][7] In the aftermath of the 31 March incident, on 27 April 1909 four CUP members went to inform Sultan Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876–1909) of his dethronement, with Toptani being the main messenger saying "the nation has deposed you".[6] As a result, the focus of the sultan's rage was toward Toptani whom Abdul Hamid II felt had betrayed him.[6] The sultan referred to him as a "wicked man", given that the extended Toptani family had benefited from royal patronage in gaining privileges and key positions in the Ottoman government.[6]

First Balkan War

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Toptani surrendering Shkodra to Montenegrins

In 1912 during the Albanian revolt and aftermath of the Ottoman parliamentary elections, parliamentarians Toptani and Syrja Vlora represented the Albanian side in a parliamentary discussion with the Young Turks.[8] Both called for the cessation of government force and implementation of good governance to alleviate the situation in Albanian lands.[9] Amidst the Albanian Revolt of 1912 Toptani obliged himself to organize the uprising in Central Albania and Mirdita.[10] On 30 January 1913, Hasan Riza Pasha, commander of Shkodër, was ambushed and killed by unknown men disguised as women,[11] thought to be Osman Bali and Mehmet Kavaja,[12] two Albanian officers of Toptani.[11] Riza Pasha wanted to keep up the defense of the besieged city, and after his death Toptani continued his resistance until April 1913. He turned the fortress of Shkodër over to Montenegro, only in April 1913 after a prolonged war and great heroism of Albanian and Turkish soldiers.

In July 1913, he was persuaded by the Vlora family to accept a position of minister of the interior in the provisional government.

Peasant Revolt

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Toptani led a faction of his own in the Peasant Revolt against Prince Wilhem.

On 19 May 1914, when Toptani refused to lay down his weapons, armed forces under Dutch gendarmerie officer Johan Sluys surrounded and shelled his house in Durrës, forcing him to surrender. He was arrested for conspiracy, though after consultations with Wilhelm, he was not court-martialled but sent to Bari in southern Italy and banned from returning to Albania.[13][14]

Exile and the Treaty of Niš

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Toptani in Salonika

After the outbreak of the First World War, Toptani travelled to Niš, Kingdom of Serbia, where he and Serbian prime minister Nikola Pašić signed the secret Treaty of Niš on 17 September 1914.[15] With Italian and Serbian financial backing, he established armed forces, Toptani invaded Dibër on 20 September, and by 3 October 1914 he had taken Durrës without a fight. Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić ordered that his followers be aided with money and arms.[2]

Toptani's rule was not stable because of the First World War. At the end of 1914, Essad secretly agreed with the Greek government to support the annexation of the southern provinces, known to Greeks as Northern Epirus, to the Kingdom of Greece.[16] During the Serbian army’s retreat through Albania in 1915, troops under Toptani's command gave support and protection to the Serbian column where possible.[17]

Death

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Avni Rustemi

On 13 June 1920, Avni Rustemi shot and killed Toptani in Paris when he left the Hotel Continental. Toptani was buried in the Serbian Military section of the Thiais cemetery in Paris,[18][3] after staying for a long time unburied in the mortuary.[19]

Legacy

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Awards

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For his service in the Greco-Turkish War (1897), the High Porte awarded him with the Order of Osmanieh of 2nd Class and afterwards he was ranked Miralay.[20] Furthermore, for his contribution in the Macedonian front as an ally of the Entente, he was awarded with the title Officier of the Legion of Honour and with the Croix de Guerre.[18] He was awarded Order of the White Eagle.[21]

Historical

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Edith Durham described Toptani as "a strange relic of the middle ages ... one with the handsome swashbucklers who sold themselves and their services to the rival monarchs, princelings and dukes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and cheerfully transferred themselves to the enemy if he offered better pay – men in whom the sense of nationality was not developed at all, and whose sense of honor was, to put it mildly, deficient."

Perception

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Toptani is remembered among Albanians as one of the most negative historical figures and the symbol of treason.[22][23][24]

In 2014, the Serbian Minister of Labor, Aleksandar Vulin paid homage at his grave, for his contributions to Serbia.[25]

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Two Shots In Paris (sq:Dy krisma në Paris) is a drama by Sheri Mita, Pëllumb Kulla with the subject of Essad Toptani murder in Paris and trial of Avni Rustemi.[26]

Notes

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References

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  1. ^ ASA 2009, p. 2156
  2. ^ a b Serbian government and Essad Pasha Toptani
  3. ^ a b Robert Elsie, Essad Pasha Toptani Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ a b Elsie, Robert (2012). A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History. I.B Tauris. p. 444. ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3.
  5. ^ Pettifer, James (1 June 2001). "Ihsan Bey Toptani". Retrieved 5 December 2014. The Toptani family were in many ways the founders of contemporary Tirana
  6. ^ a b c d Gawrych 2006, p. 167.
  7. ^ Skendi, Stavro (1967). The Albanian National Awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 361. ISBN 978-1-4008-4776-1.
  8. ^ Gawrych 2006, p. 193.
  9. ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-84511-287-5.
  10. ^ Prishtina, Hasan. Nji shkurtim kujtimesh mbi kryengritjen shqiptare të vjetit 1912. Shkrue prej Hassan Prishtinës [Hasan Bey Prishtina: Brief Memoir on the Albanian Uprising of 1912]. Translated by Elsie, Robert. Shkodra: Shtypshkroja Franciskane. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011. Essad Pasha assured us that he could manage things in Central Albania and Mirdita.
  11. ^ a b Ikonomi, Ilir (2016). Esat pashë Toptani: njeriu, lufta, pushteti. Tiranë: Uet press. ISBN 978-9928-190-91-8.
  12. ^ Vickers, Door Miranda (1999). The Albanians: A Modern History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781860645419.
  13. ^ Heaton-Armstrong, Duncan (2005). "An Uprising in the Six-Month Kingdom". Gervase Belfield and Bejtullah Destani (I.B. Tauris, in association with the Centre for Albanian Studies). Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011. Essad would be sent into exile, without a trial.
  14. ^ Elsie, Robert. "Albania under prince Wied". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011. to exile Essad Pasha to Italy
  15. ^ Bataković, Dušan T. (1992), "Serbian government and Essad Pasha Toptani", The Kosovo Chronicles, Belgrade, Serbia: Knižara Plato, ISBN 86-447-0006-5, archived from the original on 6 September 2010, retrieved 19 January 2011, Essad Pasha signed a secret alliance treaty with Pasic on September 17.
  16. ^ George B. Leon. Greece and the First World War: From Neutrality to Intervention, 1917–1918. East European Monographs, 1990, ISBN 978-0-88033-181-4, p. 358: "In return, Essad reconfirmed a promise he had made in the fall of 1914 to support Greece's annexation of North Epirus. However, while he was willing to come to a secret agreement with the Greek government on this question, he indicated that in order to be able to counterbalance the weight of the common adversary, that is Italy, and to stabilize his influence in Albania he could not recognize publicly Greece's claim."
  17. ^ Tallon, James (2014). "Albania's Long World War I, 1912-1925: Albania in WWI". Studia Historyczne. 4: 437–455. ProQuest 1724503382. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  18. ^ a b Ikonomi 2016, p. 523.
  19. ^ "ESSAD PASHA'S BODY STILL WAITS BURIAL; Great Albanian, Shot in Paris 14 Months Ago, Lies With Unknowns in the Mortuary.", New York Times, 7 August 1921, retrieved 31 October 2013
  20. ^ Ikonomi 2016, p. 16.
  21. ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012). Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik. p. 579.
  22. ^ Firma e Esat Pashës për bashkimin e Shqipërisë me Serbinë [Signature of Essad Pasha for annexation of Albania into Serbia] (in Albanian), Bota Sot, 6 April 2013, retrieved 31 October 2013
  23. ^ Puto: Esat Pashë Toptani nuk ka rehabilitim [Puto: There is no rehabilitation for Essad Pasha Toptani] (in Albanian), AMA News, 10 November 2012, retrieved 31 October 2013
  24. ^ Gazeta Zëri (2 October 2014). "Serbia përkujton Esat Pashë Toptanin". Zëri.info (in Albanian). Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  25. ^ GAZETAEXPRESS (15 November 2014). "Më në fund edhe Esat Pashës i bëhen nderimet pranë varrit - nga Serbia". Gazeta Express (in Albanian). Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  26. ^ "Zeri.info | Avni Rrustemi gjatë procesit gjyqësor në Paris (Foto+Video)". Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2018.

Sources

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Media related to Essad Pasha Toptani at Wikimedia Commons

Government offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Albania
1914 – 1916 		Succeeded by
Turhan Përmeti
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