Dysgerminoma
| Dysgerminoma | |
|---|---|
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| Micrograph of a dysgerminoma, H&E stain. | |
| Specialty | Oncology, gynecology |
A dysgerminoma is a type of germ cell tumor;[1] it usually is malignant and usually occurs in the ovary.
A tumor of the identical histology but not occurring in the ovary may be described by an alternate name: seminoma in the testis[2] or germinoma in the central nervous system or other parts of the body.
Dysgerminoma accounts for less than 1% of ovarian tumors overall. Dysgerminoma usually occurs in adolescence and early adult life; about 5% occur in pre-pubertal children. Dysgerminoma is extremely rare after age 50. Dysgerminoma occurs in both ovaries in 10% of patients and, in a further 10%, there is microscopic tumor in the other ovary.
Abnormal gonads (due to gonadal dysgenesis and androgen insensitivity syndrome) have a high risk[3] of developing a dysgerminoma. Most dysgerminomas are associated with elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), which is sometimes used as a tumor marker.
Signs and symptoms
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They are exceptionally associated with hypercalcemia. On gross examination, dysgerminomas present with a smooth, bosselated (knobby) external surface, and is soft, fleshy and either cream-coloured, gray, pink or tan when cut. Microscopic examination typically reveals uniform cells that resemble primordial germ cells. Typically, the stroma contains lymphocytes and about 20% of patients have sarcoid-like granulomas. Metastases are most often present in the lymph nodes.
Diagnosis
[edit]LDH tumour markers is elevated in 95% of the cases.
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Dysgerminoma characterized by uniform cells separated by fibrous septa with lymphocytes, H&E stain. -
Low-power view of a dysgerminoma infiltrating the colonic wall, H&E stain.
Treatment
[edit]Dysgerminomas, like other seminomatous germ cell tumors, are very sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For this reason, with treatment patients' chances of long-term survival, even cure, is excellent.[4] Targeted treatments for dysgerminomas that do not respond to chemotherapy are being evaluated.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ Behtash N, Karimi Zarchi M (June 2007). "Dysgerminoma in three patients with Swyer syndrome". World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 5 (1): 71. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-5-71. PMC 1934908. PMID 17587461.
- ^ "dysgerminoma" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th ed. Chapter 553. Question 11, Gynecologic Problems of Childhood
- ^ a b Maoz A, Matsuo K, Ciccone MA, Matsuzaki S, Klar M, Roman LD, et al. (May 2020). "Molecular Pathways and Targeted Therapies for Malignant Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors and Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors: A Contemporary Review". Cancers. 12 (6): 1398. doi:10.3390/cancers12061398. PMC 7353025. PMID 32485873.