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Crafoord Prize

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The Crafoord Prize
Awarded forastronomy and mathematics, biosciences, geosciences or polyarthritis research
CountrySweden
Presented byRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Reward(s)6,000,000 kr
First awarded1982 (1982)
Websitecrafoordprize.se

The Crafoord Prize (Swedish: Crafoordpriset) is an annual science prize established in 1980 by Holger Crafoord, a Swedish industrialist, and his wife Anna-Greta Crafoord following a donation to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[1] It is awarded jointly by the Academy and the Crafoord Foundation in Lund, with the former selecting the laureates.[2] The Prize is awarded in four categories: mathematics and astronomy, geosciences, biosciences (with an emphasis on ecology) and polyarthritis,[1] the latter because Holger suffered from severe rheumatoid arthritis in his later years.[3]

The disciplines for which the Crafoord Prize is awarded are chosen so as to complement the Nobel Prizes.[2] Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme – astronomy and mathematics, then geosciences, then biosciences.[1] Since 2012, the prizes in astronomy and mathematics are separate and awarded at the same time; prior to this, the disciplines alternated every cycle.[2] A Crafoord Prize in polyarthritis is only awarded when a special committee decides that substantial progress in the field has been made.[2] The recipient of the Crafoord Prize is announced every year in mid-January and the prize is presented in April or May on "Crafoord Days",[1] by a member of the Monarchy of Sweden. As of 2024, the prize money is 6,000,000 kr (approx. US$560,000), roughly half that of the Nobel Prizes.[1]

The Prize is usually awarded to one recipient, but there can be as many as three.[2] The inaugural laureates, Vladimir Arnold and Louis Nirenberg, were awarded the prize in 1982 for their work in the field of non-linear differential equations. Since then, the winners of the Prize have predominantly been men. The first woman to be awarded the Prize was astronomer Andrea Ghez in 2012.

Laureates

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Crafoord Prize laureates
Year Category Image Laureate Rationale Ref.
1982 Mathematics Vladimir Arnold Vladimir Arnold “for their outstanding achievements in the theory of non-linear differential equations” [4][5]
Louis Nirenberg Louis Nirenberg [4]
1983 Geosciences — Edward Norton Lorenz “for their fundamental contributions to the field of geophysical hydrodynamics, which in a unique way have contributed to a deeper understanding of the large-scale motions of the atmosphere and the sea” [4][6]
Henry Stommel Henry Stommel
1984 Biosciences Daniel Janzen Daniel H. Janzen “for his imaginative and stimulating studies on co-evolution which have inspired many researchers to further work in this field” [4][7]
1985 Astronomy Lyman Spitzer Lyman Spitzer “for his fundamental pioneering studies of practically every aspect of the interstellar medium, culminating in the results obtained using the Copernicus satellite” [4][8]
1986 Geosciences Claude Allègre Claude Allègre “for their pioneering studies of isotope geochemical relations and the geological interpretations that these results permit” [4][9]
— Gerald J. Wasserburg
1987 Biosciences — Eugene Odum “for their pioneering contributions within the field of ecosystem ecology” [4][10]
— Howard T. Odum
1988 Mathematics Pierre Deligne Pierre Deligne “for their fundamental research in algebraic geometry” [4][11]
Alexander Grothendieck Alexander Grothendieck [4][a][12]
1989 Geosciences James Van Allen James Van Allen “for his pioneering exploration of space, in particular the discovery of the energetic particles trapped in the geomagnetic field which forms the radiation belts - the Van Allen belts - around the planet Earth” [4][9]
1990 Biosciences Paul R. Ehrlich Paul R. Ehrlich “for his research on the dynamics and genetics of fragmented populations and the importance of the distribution pattern for their survival probabilities” [4][13]
Edward Osborne Wilson E. O. Wilson “for the theory of island biogeography and other research on species diversity and community dynamics on islands and in other habitats with differing degrees of isolation” [4][14]
1991 Astronomy — Allan Sandage “for his very important contributions to the study of galaxies, their populations of stars, clusters and nebulae, their evolution, the velocity-distance relation (or Hubble relation), and its evolution over time” [4][15]
1992 Geosciences — Adolf Seilacher “for his innovative research concerning the evolution of life in interaction with the environment as documented in the geological record” [4][9]
1993 Biosciences — W. D. Hamilton “for his theories concerning kin selection and genetic relationship as a prerequisite for the evolution of altruistic behavior” [4][16][17]
Seymour Benzer Seymour Benzer “for his pioneering genetical and neurophysiological studies on behavioural mutants in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster” [4][18][19]
1994 Mathematics Simon Donaldson Simon Donaldson "for his fundamental investigations in four-dimensional geometry through application of instantos in particular his new discovery of new differential invariants" [4][20][21]
Shing-Tung Yau Shing-Tung Yau “for his development of non-linear techniques in differential geometry leading the solution of several outstanding problems” [4][22][23]
1995 Geosciences — Willi Dansgaard “for their fundamental work on developing and applying isotope geological analysis methods for the study of climatic variations during the Quaternary period” [4][9]
— Nicholas Shackleton
1996 Biosciences Robert May Robert May “for his pioneering ecological research concerning theoretical analysis of the dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems” [4][24]
1997 Astronomy Fred Hoyle Fred Hoyle “for their pioneering contributions to the study of nuclear processes in stars and stellar evolution” [4][25]
— Edwin Ernest Salpeter [4][26]
1998 Geosciences Don L. Anderson Don L. Anderson “for their fundamental contributions to our knowledge of the structures and processes in the interior of the Earth” [4][18]
Adam Dziewoński Adam M. Dziewonski [4][27]
1999 Biosciences Ernst Mayr Ernst Mayr “for their fundamental contributions to the conceptual development of evolutionary biology” [4][28]
John Maynard Smith John Maynard Smith
— George Christopher Williams
2000 Polyarthritis — Marc Feldmann “for their definition of TNF-alpha as a therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis” [29][4]
Ravinder N. Maini Ravinder N. Maini
2001 Mathematics Alain Connes Alain Connes “for his penetrating work on the theory of operator algebras and for having been a founder of non-commutative geometry” [4][30]
2002 Geosciences — Dan McKenzie “for fundamental contributions to the understanding of the dynamics of the lithosphere, particularly plate tectonics, sedimentary basin formation and mantle melting” [4][31][32]
2003 Biosciences Carl Woese Carl Woese “for his discovery of a third domain of life” [4][33][34]
2004 Polyarthritis — Eugene C. Butcher “for their studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in migration of white blood cells in health and disease” [4][35]
— Timothy A. Springer
2005 Astronomy James E. Gunn James E. Gunn “for contributions towards understanding the large-scale structure of the Universe” [4][18]
James Peebles James Peebles [4][36]
Martin Rees Martin Rees
2006 Geosciences Wallace Smith Broecker Wallace Smith Broecker “for his innovative and pioneering research on the operation of the global carbon cycle within the ocean atmosphere-biosphere system, and its interaction with climate” [4][37]
2007 Biosciences — Robert Trivers “for his fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict and cooperation” [4][38]
2008 Astronomy Rashid Sunyaev Rashid Alievich Sunyaev “for his decisive contributions to high energy astrophysics and cosmology, in particular processes and dynamics around black holes and neutron stars and demonstration of the diagnostic power of structures in the background radiation” [4][39]
Mathematics Maxim Kontsevich Maxim Kontsevich “for their important contributions to mathematics inspired by modern theoretical physics” [4]
Edward Witten Edward Witten
2009 Polyarthritis Charles Dinarello Charles Dinarello “for their pioneering work to isolate interleukins, determine their properties and explore their role in the onset of inflammatory diseases” [4][40]
Tadamitsu Kishimoto Tadamitsu Kishimoto
Toshio Hirano Toshio Hirano
2010 Geosciences Walter Munk Walter Munk “for his pioneering and fundamental contributions to our understanding of ocean circulation, tides and waves, and their role in the Earth’s dynamics” [4][18]
2011 Biosciences Ilkka Hanski Ilkka Hanski "for his pioneering studies on how spatial variation affects the dynamics of animal and plant populations" [4][41]
2012 Astronomy Reinhard Genzel Reinhard Genzel "for their observations of the stars orbiting the galactic centre, indicating the presence of a supermassive black hole" [4][42]
Andrea Ghez Andrea M. Ghez
Mathematics Jean Bourgain Jean Bourgain "for their brilliant and groundbreaking work in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, ergodic theory, number theory, combinatorics, functional analysis and theoretical computer science" [4][43]
Terence Tao Terence Tao
2013 Polyarthritis Peter K. Gregersen Peter K. Gregersen "for their discoveries concerning the role of different genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of rheumatoid arthritis" [4][3]
Lars Klareskog Lars Klareskog
Robert J. Winchester Robert J. Winchester [de]
2014 Geosciences — Peter Molnar "for his ground-breaking contribution to the understanding of global tectonics, in particular the deformation of continents and the structure and evolution of mountain ranges, as well as the impact of tectonic processes on ocean-atmosphere circulation and climate" [4][44]
2015 Biosciences — Richard Lewontin "for their pioneering analyses and fundamental contributions to the understanding of genetic polymorphism" [4][45]
Tomoko Ohta Tomoko Ohta
2016 Astronomy Roy Kerr Roy Kerr "for fundamental work concerning rotating black holes and their astrophysical consequences" [4][46]
Roger Blandford Roger Blandford
Mathematics Yakov Eliashberg Yakov Eliashberg "for the development of contact and symplectic topology and groundbreaking discoveries of rigidity and flexibility phenomena"
2017 Polyarthritis Shimon Sakaguchi Shimon Sakaguchi "for their discoveries relating to regulatory T cells, which counteract harmful immune reactions in arthritis and other autoimmune diseases" [4][47]
Fred Ramsdell Fred Ramsdell
Alexander Rudensky Alexander Rudensky
2018 Geosciences Syukuro Manabe Syukuro Manabe "for fundamental contributions to understanding the role of atmospheric trace gases in Earth’s climate system" [4][48]
Susan Solomon Susan Solomon
2019 Biosciences Sallie W. Chisholm Sallie W. Chisholm "for the discovery and pioneering studies of the most abundant photosynthesising organism on Earth, Prochlorococcus" [4][49]
2020 Astronomy Eugene N. Parker Eugene N. Parker "for pioneering and fundamental studies of the solar wind and magnetic fields from stellar to galactic scales" [4][50]
Mathematics Enrico Bombieri Enrico Bombieri "for outstanding and influential contributions in all the major areas of mathematics, particularly number theory, analysis and algebraic geometry"
2021 Polyarthritis Daniel Kastner Daniel L. Kastner "for establishing the concept of autoinflammatory diseases" [4][51]
2022 Geosciences Andrew K. Knoll Andrew H. Knoll "for fundamental contributions to our understanding of the first three billion years of life on Earth and life’s interactions with the physical environment through time" [4][52]
2023 Biosciences — Dolph Schluter "for fundamental contributions to the understanding of adaptive radiation and ecological speciation" [4][53]
2024 Astronomy — Douglas Gough "for developing the methods of asteroseismology and their application to the study of the interior of the Sun and of other stars" [4][54]
Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard
Conny Aerts Conny Aerts
Mathematics Claire Voisin Claire Voisin "for outstanding contributions to complex and algebraic geometry, including Hodge theory, algebraic cycles, and hyperkähler geometry"

Notes

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  1. ^ Grothendieck was born in Germany, but spent most of his life in France; he was legally stateless till 1971, then acquired French citizenship. He also declined his prize.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "The Crafoord Prize". Crafoord Prize. Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund. Archived from the original on 17 August 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d e "About the Crafoord Prize". Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 21 July 2024.
  3. ^ a b Wollheim 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba "The Crafoord Prize 1982–2024" (PDF). Crafoord Prize. Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Fund. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  5. ^ Maugh II, Thomas H. (21 June 2010). "Vladimir Arnold dies at 72; Russian mathematician". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  6. ^ Smith, Leonard A. (23 October 2011). "Professor Edward Lorenz: Meteorologist whose work on weather prediction led to the discovery of chaos and the 'butterfly effect'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  7. ^ "Daniel H. Janzen Wins 2011 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award". University of Pennsylvania. 16 February 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  8. ^ Gahm, Gösta (1985). "The Crafoord Prize 1985 in Astronomy to Professor Lyman Spitzer Jr". Physica Scripta. 11. IOP Publishing: 3–4. Bibcode:1985PhST...11....3G. doi:10.1088/0031-8949/1985/T11/001. S2CID 250781983.
  9. ^ a b c d Reed, Christina (2009). Earth Science. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. p. 291. ISBN 978-1-4381-0979-4.
  10. ^ Becher, Anne; Richey, Joseph (2008). American Environmental Leaders: M-Z. Amenia, NY: Grey House Publishing. p. 603. ISBN 978-1-5923-7119-8.
  11. ^ Ruelle, David (2007). The Mathematician's Brain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-6911-2982-2. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018.
  12. ^ Matthews, Robert (20 August 2006). "Mathematics, where nothing is ever as simple as it seems". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  13. ^ "Paul R. Ehrlich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  14. ^ "Edward O. Wilson". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  15. ^ "Allan Sandage". The Daily Telegraph. 21 November 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  16. ^ "William Donald Hamilton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  17. ^ "William D Hamilton". Crafoord Prize. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  18. ^ a b c d "Crafoord Laureates". California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  19. ^ "Seymour Benzer". Crafoord Prize. 22 August 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  20. ^ "Simon Donaldson". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  21. ^ "Simon Donaldson". Crafoord Prize. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  22. ^ "Shing-Tung Yau". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  23. ^ Overbye, Dennis (17 October 2006). "The Emperor of Math". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  24. ^ Levine, Simon A. (September 1996). "Robert May Receives Crafoord Prize" (PDF). American Mathematical Society. p. 977. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  25. ^ "Professor Sir Fred Hoyle". The Daily Telegraph. 22 August 2001. Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  26. ^ "Edwin Salpeter". The Guardian. 4 February 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  27. ^ "Dziewonski Receives 2002 William Bowie Medal". American Geophysical Union. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2009.
  28. ^ "Sussex Biologist Scoops Crafoord Prize". University of Sussex. 26 February 1999. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  29. ^ "King of Sweden awards Crafoord Prize to IC researchers". Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. 4 October 2000. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011.
  30. ^ "Connes Receives 2001 Crafoord Prize" (PDF). American Mathematical Society. May 2001. p. 502. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  31. ^ "Dan McKenzie". British Library. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  32. ^ "Dan P McKenzie". Crafoord Prize. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  33. ^ Yardley, William (31 December 2012). "Carl Woese Dies at 84; Discovered Life's 'Third Domain'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  34. ^ "Carl R Woese". Crafoord Prize. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  35. ^ Baker, Mitzi (11 February 2004). "Pathology professor Butcher takes home Sweden's other big prize, the Crafoord". Stanford University. Archived from the original on 17 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  36. ^ Schilling, Govert (27 January 2005). "Cosmology Pays Off". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  37. ^ "Wallace Broecker". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  38. ^ Hippel, William von; Trivers, R. (February 2011). "Behavioral and Brain Sciences". Cambridge University Press. 34 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1017/S0140525X10001354. PMID 21288379. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  39. ^ "Crafoord Prize 2008 awarded to Rashid Sunyaev". Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics. 21 January 2008. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  40. ^ "Techne Corporation Board Member Recognized". PR Newswire. 10 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  41. ^ "Ilkka Hanski receives the Crafoord Prize". University of Helsinki. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  42. ^ "Reinhard Genzel wins Crafoord Prize". Royal Astronomical Society. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  43. ^ "Jean Bourgain and Terence Tao Named 2012 Crafoord Laureates in Mathematics". Institute for Advanced Study. 19 January 2012. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  44. ^ "Peter Molnar wins Crafoord Prize in Geosciences". Royal Astronomical Society. 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  45. ^ Lane, Isabel (19 January 2015). "Crafoord Prize in Biosciences goes to genetic polymorphism research". Biofuels Digest. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  46. ^ "NZ astrophysicist awarded $1m prize". Sky News Australia. 15 January 2016. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  47. ^ Crafoord Prize 2017 Archived 18 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  48. ^ Crafoord Prize 2018 Archived 22 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Crafoordprize.se
  49. ^ Crafoord Prize 2019 Archived 19 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine Crafoordprize.se
  50. ^ Crafoord Prize 2020 Archived 30 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Crafoordprize.se
  51. ^ "The Crafoord Prize in Polyarthritis 2021". Crafoord Prize. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  52. ^ "Crafoord Prize 2022". Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  53. ^ "Crafoord Prize 2023". Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  54. ^ "Crafoord Prize 2024". Archived from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.

Sources

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